10 spectacular wonders of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is justly famous for its majestic landscapes spanning three distinct geographic zones: the Tian Shan mountains of southeastern Almaty Region, the Caspian coastal steppes of western Mangystau, and the vast Central Asian plains. This vastness encompasses a treasure trove of pristine spruce forests, ancient sedimentary canyons, towering alpine peaks, sapphire lakes, and wind-swept deserts.

Here are some of the most breathtaking sights to see across these regions, each deserving a spot on any Kazakhstan itinerary. 

Charyn Canyon 

Located a three-hour drive east of Almaty, near the Chinese border, Charyn Canyon stretches 150km down the length of its namesake river. Over 12 million years, sedimentary rock erosion shaped the Valley of Castles, a 2km corridor of eye-catching red rock spires, some reaching 150m in height, that glow as they capture the setting sun. Visit during spring (April–June) and autumn (September–October) but avoid peak summer, when temperatures can hit 40°C. Bring cash for your entry ticket (KZT730, HK$12 per person), and hop on an eco-taxi shuttle (KZT500, HK$8.50) to reach the canyon floor. Don't forget to bring your passport for the regular border police checkpoints. 

Kolsai Lakes

Tucked in the Kungei Alatau range, 300km from Almaty, the three alpine tarns in Kolsai Lakes National Park are surrounded by ancient spruce forests. The lowest lake is an easy walk from the entrance and is best visited from May to October, with tickets costing less than the equivalent of HK$10 (cash only). If you have your heart set on the highest lake, visit in summer or autumn and take a multi-day tour from Almaty, as the going can get tough. 

The Singing Dune 

Located in Altyn-Emel National Park, 250km northeast of Almaty, Ayusai, or the Singing Dune, is a 150-metre ridge of sand that emits a low hum when the wind whips across its surface. The sand needs to be dry, so aim for spring or autumn. Arrive early, as the park opens at 8am, and hire a 4x4 tour driver (KZT165,000 or HK$2,730 for four passengers). Most tours combine the dunes with the chalk-white Aktau Mountains and the jagged black volcanic peaks of the Katutau range, two completely different but equally mesmerising landscapes. 

Bozzhyra

Bozzhyra's limestone canyons and amphitheatre-like cliffs were once the floor of the ancient Tethys Ocean. Now perched on the coast of the Caspian Sea, this otherworldly moonscape is one of Kazakhstan's least-visited regions. Spring and autumn bring the best weather for the 270km drive from Aktau and for walks among the towering rock formations, but be sure to bring everything you need for a long day's adventure as the site is remote. Alternatively, if you love photography, tag along on one of the popular multi-day camping tours. 

Kaindy Lake

Another of Kazakhstan's serene lakes, Kaindy (an easy drive from Kolsai) was formed in 1911 when a powerful earthquake triggered a limestone landslide. The bleached spruce tree trunks of a submerged forest – preserved in the ice-cold water – still poke up through the turquoise water like ships' masts, making it one of Kazakhstan's most photographed sights. During summer, you can take a dip with the locals (and even scuba dive among the sunken trees), and in winter, the lake becomes a frozen wonderland. You'll need KZT5,000 (HK$85) for the required 4x4 transfer from the parking lot and the entry fee (KZT750, HK$12.50). 

The Valley of Balls 

Also on the Caspian coast, Torysh, or the Valley of Balls is an arid plain full of near-perfect spherical stone concretions, some several metres wide. Created by sedimentary rock forming over millions of years around organic material in the long-vanished Tethys Ocean, this surreal landscape is best visited in spring and autumn, when the weather allows for hikes through the desert plains. While there's no entry fee, you'll need a local 4x4 guide to reach the site or take a tour that includes the nearby Shakpak-Ata underground mosque and captivating Mount Sherkala. 

Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve 

Located in Kazakhstan's oldest nature reserve, 150km north of Shymkent, Aksu Canyon is one of Central Asia's deepest gorges. Carved by the Aksu River, this ruggedly beautiful park is home to the Turkestan lynx and elusive snow leopard, and draws crowds each spring with its carpet of wild tulips. Hikers should hire a local guide (KZT14,000, HK$235 per day) and book accommodation in advance, as guest houses are few and far between. 

Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 

Located 160km northwest of Shymkent, the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi was recognised by Unesco as Kazakhstan’s first World Heritage Site in 2003. It was commissioned by Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in 1389 and, despite construction halting upon his death, is still home to the largest brick dome in Central Asia. You can visit year-round (although the summer heat is intense) and explore the surrounding archaeological park for free (with a small fee to enter the mausoleum's interior). Be sure to dress modestly if you plan to step inside. 

Turgen Gorge 

A 90-minute drive from Almaty, Turgen Gorge is famed for its plummeting waterfalls, alpine meadows, and ancient Saka burial mounds and altars that dot the surrounding hills. While hikers should visit in spring, the region's hot springs make for a cosy winter adventure. Book well ahead for one of the gorge's private hot-spring resorts, as this is a great overnight road-trip destination. 

Lake Balkhash 

Sprawling almost 600km across southeastern Kazakhstan, Balkhash is one of Asia's largest and weirdest lakes. The brackish water of the eastern half gives way to fresh water on the west, fed by the Ili River. Base yourself in the town of Balkhash to explore the lake's shoreline on foot or experience its waters on popular boat excursions. Visit in summer for a refreshing dip, or join local day-trippers from Almaty or Karaganda in winter, when the lake freezes over.